Altered Reality in Joseph Conrads Heart of Darkness Essay example --

Altered Reality in sum of Darkness The world of darkness that Marlow finds himself in is instantaneously comparable to what Leary describes of the bardos (stages) that occur during a drug-induced trip or psychedelic experience. The underlying problem of the Second Bardo is that any and every shapehuman, divine, diabolical, heroic, evil, animal, thingwhich the human hit conjures up or the past flavour recalls, can present itself to consciousness shapes and forms and sounds whirling by endlessly (48). An example of such presentation is Marlows cognition of the jungle as a palpable force that has the power of human gestures. It calls, beckons, lures, etc. Leary writes that accompanying the moment of ego-loss is the perception of wave-energy flow the individual becomes aware that he is part of and surrounded by a charged field of energy, which seems almost electrical...the attempt to control or to rationalize this energy flow... is indicative of ego-activity and the First Bardo h igh quality is lost (41). Marlow never loses ego-activity so he never reaches transcendence, but his ego-activity rationalizes his feeling of the physical awareness of the jungle. He colors the Congo dark instead of demoralize and chooses to reject, not embrace, the force of the jungle so his rationalizations are negative and he thinks the force is evil. The negative, wrathful counterparts to this vision occur if the voyager reacts with fear to the powerful flow of life forms. Such a reaction is attributable to the cumulated result of game playing (karma) dominated by anger or stupidity. A nightmarish hell-world may ensue. The ocular forms appear like a confusing chaos of cheap, ugly dime-store objects, brassy, vulgar and useless. The ... ... all truth, and all sincerity, are just compressed into that inappreciable moment of magazine in which we step over the threshold of the invisible (Conrad, 113). Works Cited Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness. Editor Robert Kimbrough. New Y ork Norton, 1988. Cox, C. B. Conrad Heart of Darkness, Nostromo, and Under Western Eyes. London Macmillan Education Ltd., 1987. Guetti, James. Heart of Darkness and the Failure of the Imagination, Sewanee Review LXXIII, No. 3 (Summer 1965), pp. 488-502. Ed. C. B. Cox. Leary, Timothy , Metzner, Ralph, Alpert, Richard The Psychedelic Experience A Manual Based on the Tibetan keep back of the DeadRuthven, K. K. The Savage God Conrad and Lawrence, Critical Quarterly, x, nos 1& 2 (Spring and Summer 1968), pp. 41-6. Ed. C. B. Cox.Watts, Cedric. A Preface to Conrad. Essex Longman Group UK Limited, 1993.

Human Genetic Screening :: Science Technology Papers

Human Genetic ScreeningHumans, like all told other living organisms, have genes. These genes instruct our bodies to subscribe proteins, these proteins are the molecules that determine the make for and function of each cell. Each gene or set of genes encode for the production of a particular protein.What is a gene ?The term gene was created by Wilhelm Johanssen, a Danish botanist in 1911. He was discussing social units of inheritance that Mendel called factors.T.H. Morgans studies on fruit fly genetics led to the idea of a gene as the smallest unit of recombination. Aggregated with this idea was another that said the gene was the unit of mutation, and another that the gene is the unit of function (the smallest unit of control over the phenotype ). modern evidence suggests that recombination net occur between any two nucleotide, which make the unit of recombination exactly unity and only(a) nucleotide long . Some mutations change only one nucleotide, so the unit of mutation c ould be only one nucleotide long . The unit of function is the cistron which is about 900-1500 nucleotide long. So we can identify the gene as the length of desoxyribonucleic acid that codes for one functional product (6). DNA of the human species carries more or less the alike(p) set of DNA with some variations . Variations in the DNA sequence can be neutral, others might have positive or negative influence. Genetic cover charge is testing of this variation (2). Human race carries 3000-4000 diseases in its genes, and it is important to acknowledge between genetical diseases and infectious diseases. Inherited diseases are caused by mutated genes which are inherited by an individual from his or her parents (2). The faulty gene will be one of the many healthy thousands of genes we possess in our cells. To pinpoint the location of these faulty genes, scientists search for variations in larger piece of DNA called markers, these subunits lie close on the DNA chain, and form the bas is of genetic screening. What is genetic screening ? The rationale of genetic screening is based on the binding of a try to the DNA molecule of the patient or the person to be screened. Complementary DNA nucleotide sequences bind to each other. The probe used is usually champion stranded DNA, which binds to the test sample. The DNA sample can be analyzed by a proficiency called restriction fragment polymorphism (RFLP). In this technique the DNA sample is combust up with a mixture of restriction enzymes which cut the DNA at a specific sequences.Human Genetic Screening Science Technology PapersHuman Genetic ScreeningHumans, like all other living organisms, have genes. These genes instruct our bodies to make proteins, these proteins are the molecules that determine the shape and function of each cell. Each gene or set of genes encode for the production of a particular protein.What is a gene ?The term gene was created by Wilhelm Johanssen, a Danish botanist in 1911. He was discu ssing units of inheritance that Mendel called factors.T.H. Morgans studies on fruit fly genetics led to the idea of a gene as the smallest unit of recombination. Aggregated with this idea was another that said the gene was the unit of mutation, and another that the gene is the unit of function (the smallest unit of control over the phenotype ). Modern evidence suggests that recombination can occur between any two nucleotide, which make the unit of recombination only one nucleotide long . Some mutations change only one nucleotide, so the unit of mutation could be only one nucleotide long . The unit of function is the cistron which is about 900-1500 nucleotide long. So we can identify the gene as the length of DNA that codes for one functional product (6). DNA of the human species carries more or less the same set of DNA with some variations . Variations in the DNA sequence can be neutral, others might have positive or negative influence. Genetic screening is testing of this variation (2). Human race carries 3000-4000 diseases in its genes, and it is important to distinguish between inherited diseases and infectious diseases. Inherited diseases are caused by mutated genes which are inherited by an individual from his or her parents (2). The faulty gene will be one of the many healthy thousands of genes we possess in our cells. To pinpoint the location of these faulty genes, scientists search for variations in larger piece of DNA called markers, these subunits lie nearby on the DNA chain, and form the basis of genetic screening. What is genetic screening ? The principle of genetic screening is based on the binding of a probe to the DNA molecule of the patient or the person to be screened. Complementary DNA nucleotide sequences bind to each other. The probe used is usually single stranded DNA, which binds to the test sample. The DNA sample can be analyzed by a technique called restriction fragment polymorphism (RFLP). In this technique the DNA sample is cut up wit h a mixture of restriction enzymes which cut the DNA at a specific sequences.

Cruel Intentions Essay -- essays research papers

The film Cruel Intentions, directed by John Hughes, is a fast-paced glimpse into the lives of juvenile York yuppies whose entire existence revolves around money, power, sex, and drugs. Hughes direction for the movie concentrates on those who prey on innocence and will stop at nothing to achieve their ambitions. The invention centers on Sebestian, played by Ryan Phillipe, whose main intention in life is to sleep with, and ruin the reputations of, girls whom he labels Manhattans insipid debutantes. Using his good looks, watch and vast wealth, he manipulates the nave ladies found in his elite private school, Manchester Prep, as easily as a ten year-old boy manipulates Tetris pieces on his gamy Boy. Phillipe is perfect for the partitioning. He executes Sebestians dry humor and wry wit flawlessly. His raw good looks and style captivates every room he enters, not to attend the fact that he has no problem whatsoever wearing the threads of those meticulous Armani outfits with such cla ss that Prince William could take notes. However, Sebestian holds a burning flame for his invention step-sister Katherine, played by Sarah Michelle Gellar. She is well aware of Sebestians forbidden desire and, in her own conniving way, uses it to bait Sebestian and make him her own puppet. Gellar also plays her part right on cue. She brings Katherine to life, emphasizing her snobby accent and fake goodiness, while all the while snorting cocaine from her misconceiving rosary that she wears around her neck. By b...

Import Cars vs. Domestic Cars :: Compare Contrast Cars Car Essays

Muscle motorcars have always been a big in the United States such as the Ford Mustang, Chevrolet Camaro, and Chevrolet Corvette. These cars have been some of the most popular cars for the past 35 or more years, but over the past 20 years, Japanese cars are becoming more and more popular. Many people who are into muscle cars despise these imports and people who are into these imports have the same feelings toward muscle cars. These two types of car lovers have a strong dislike for each other and these cars. Many people see both muscle and import cars as just a car and dont perceive any difference between the two cars.One of the major differences between the two is the type of engines they have. Most muscle cars have a V-8 or even a V-10 with a large displacement. These engines produce a large amount of horse power and create a lot of crookedness at the higher RPM (Revolutions Per Minute) range, but to fit these large engines, they need large cars to put them in. On the other hand, imports have a much smaller, inline 4 engine, and because it has a smaller engine, it can fit into a smaller car.To make comparing easier, a 2004 Ford SVT (Special Vehicle Teams) Mustang Cobra and a 2000 Acura Integra Type R bequeath be used as the comparison. The engine in the Mustang is a 4.601 liter, 280.8 boxy inch V-8 engine with 32 valves DOHC (Dual Over Head Cams), sequential electronic fuel injection, and an Eaton Generation IV roots-type supercharger, with a TTC T-56 6 speed Manual creating 390 break horse power at 6000 RPM and 389 foot pounds of torque at 3500 RPM. It has a 0-60 mph time of 4.5 seconds, a after part mile time of 12.6 seconds at 112 mph, and has a limited top speed of 155 mph. The Integra has a B18C5, 1.797 liter, 110 cubic inch, 4 cylinders, 16 valves DOHC VTEC engine. It creates 195 horse power at 8000 RPM and 130 foot pounds of torque at 7000 RPM. It has a 0-60 mph time of 6.5 seconds, a quarter mile time of 14.7 seconds, and has a limited top speed of 135 mph.Even though the Integra is slower than the Mustang, the Integra engine has something the Mustang engine does not have, and that is a VTEC.

Symbols and Symbolism in Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie Essay

Symbols and Symbolism in Tennessee Williams The Glass menagerie The Glass Menagerie illustrates how Tennessee Williams incorporates symbols to uphold express the central theme of the play. One of the recurring symbols, apparent end-to-end the play, is that of the glass menagerie - symbolic of Laura herself. Another symbol for Laura is the glass unicorn. Still another(prenominal) symbol is that of the picture of the father - symbolic of freedom. These symbols play an important pause in the development of the plot, as well as the theme of the play. The glass figurines that occupy in Lauras menagerie are symbolic of Laura herself. Laura is like a pitch of her admit glass collection, too exquisitely fragile to move from the shelf (849). Because of a slight defect, magnified several times over by her own mind, Lauras self image is as fragile as her collection. Because of her low self image, she is highly withdrawn, even to the point of avoiding contact with others as much as is pos sible. Laura escapes to the creative activity of her menagerie where she is safe from the world of people (Kahn 74)... Symbols and Symbolism in Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie EssaySymbols and Symbolism in Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie The Glass Menagerie illustrates how Tennessee Williams incorporates symbols to help express the central theme of the play. One of the recurring symbols, apparent throughout the play, is that of the glass menagerie - symbolic of Laura herself. Another symbol for Laura is the glass unicorn. Still another symbol is that of the picture of the father - symbolic of freedom. These symbols play an important part in the development of the plot, as well as the theme of the play. The glass figurines that reside in Lauras menagerie are symbolic of Laura herself. Laura is like a piece of her own glass collection, too exquisitely fragile to move from the shelf (849). Because of a slight defect, magnified several times over by her own mind, Lauras self image is as fragile as her collection. Because of her low self image, she is extremely withdrawn, even to the point of avoiding contact with others as much as is possible. Laura escapes to the world of her menagerie where she is safe from the world of people (Kahn 74)...

Symbols and Symbolism in Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie Essay

Symbols and Symbolism in Tennessee Williams The scratch Menagerie The Glass Menagerie illustrates how Tennessee Williams incorporates symbols to help express the central theme of the play. unmatched of the recurring symbols, apparent throughout the play, is that of the glass menagerie - emblematical of Laura herself. some other symbol for Laura is the glass unicorn. Still another symbol is that of the picture of the father - exemplary of freedom. These symbols play an important part in the development of the plot, as rise as the theme of the play. The glass figurines that reside in Lauras menagerie are symbolic of Laura herself. Laura is like a piece of her own glass collection, too alright slight to move from the shelf (849). Because of a slight defect, magnified several generation over by her own mind, Lauras self image is as fragile as her collection. Because of her low self image, she is extremely withdrawn, even to the point of avoiding contact with others as much as is possible. Laura escapes to the world of her menagerie where she is safe from the world of bulk (Kahn 74)... Symbols and Symbolism in Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie EssaySymbols and Symbolism in Tennessee Williams The Glass Menagerie The Glass Menagerie illustrates how Tennessee Williams incorporates symbols to help express the central theme of the play. One of the recurring symbols, apparent throughout the play, is that of the glass menagerie - symbolic of Laura herself. Another symbol for Laura is the glass unicorn. Still another symbol is that of the picture of the father - symbolic of freedom. These symbols play an important part in the development of the plot, as well as the theme of the play. The glass figurines that reside in Lauras menagerie are symbolic of Laura herself. Laura is like a piece of her own glass collection, too exquisitely fragile to move from the shelf (849). Because of a slight defect, magnified several times over by her own mind, Lau ras self image is as fragile as her collection. Because of her low self image, she is extremely withdrawn, even to the point of avoiding contact with others as much as is possible. Laura escapes to the world of her menagerie where she is safe from the world of people (Kahn 74)...

Appeal statement

I am writing to appeal my academic dismissal from XXXXX State University. I was not surprised, but very(prenominal) upset to receive a letter earlier this week informing me of my dismissal. I would like to urge you to accept my appeal to Reversal for Dismissal Action. I admit, I had a very difficult time past two semesters, and my grades suffered as a result. I dont mean to make excuses for my poor academic performance, but I would like to rationalise the circumstances.I knew that registering for 10 credit hours in the spring would require a lot of my effort, but I needed to earn the hours so that I was on enshroud to graduate on time. I model I could handle the work load, and I still think I could have, except that my family circumstances were ruining and as I was far from home and could not concentrate on my course work. While there was financial problems which were pressurized on me to graduate soon.With all these Problems I was make to do part time in order to meet my expense s and fell ill frequently which lead to irregularity of attending classes Needless to say, the hours I utilise to spent n part time work cut into my study time. Even when I was at school, I was very distracted with the home status and was unable to focus on my schoolwork. I understand now that I should have communicated with my professors (instead of avoiding them), or even taken a leave of absence. I thought I could handle all of these burdens, and I tried my best, but I was wrong.I love XXXXX State University, and it would mean so much to me to graduate with a story from this school, which would make me the first person in my family to complete a college degree. If I am reversed for Dismissal Action, I will focus much smash on my schoolwork, take few credit hours, As financially things are getting better at my home I need not do any part time and manage my time more wisely by concentrating only on course work, plan a schedule of showdown my consultant and professors frequent ly, will retake the courses in which I scored diminished grades again, and get better grades.Fortunately, I came for a visit to my home town and I am feeling much better as things are getting better at my home and feeling relieved from my depressions. Also, I will meet my advisor as soon as I reach Kent, and I will follow her advice and will communicate better with my professors from now on. Please understand that my low GPA that led to my dismissal does not indicate that I am a negative student. Really, Im a good student who had one very, very bad year. I hope you will give me a second chance. Thank you for considering this appeal. Sincerely,

A Different History Essay

The solely thing worse than watching your own culture disappear is to see your own grandchildren not knowing a single thing nearly their native culture. The speaker of the poem A Different History, by an Indian Poet named Sujata Bhatt, expresses her feelings towards the change of her culture aft(prenominal) the British Colonization. In this poem, the speaker explains in a disappointed tone how the culture and language changed as the generations passed on. Using strong diction and repetitions in apiece stanza, she describes how the culture is changing and how the populate are affected too.See more My Writing Process Essay1 At the very first stanza, Bhatt use poetic devices such as allusions and imagery to capture the scene of the first generation of India where the British Colonization hasnt occurred. The feeling of freedom and peace posterior be captured in this stanzaHere the gods roam freely, disguised as snakes or monkeys every tree is sacredAt the first three lines, Bhatt ex plains how India is beautiful by using an allusion of the Greek God named Pan, the God of nature. She uses the allusion of God of Pan because shes telling us that the current culture and the past culture are in time linked together. And by that she means even the Indians doesnt belief in the western gods (Pan), but she uses the allusion of Pan to state that India is beautiful because Pan is the God of nature. And also, she utter that India is a very peaceful and holy environment and even the trees are holy too, by using imagery of gods wandering around in the hobo camp and trees being sacred.2 Also, during the first generation, Bhatt uses the repetition of the sentence a sin as her choice of articles to emphasize how important that particular word is and how it affects the culture. She said that it is a sin because as the generation grows, more and more people would not appreciate books because technologies are part of our daily lives now. Not only that, she advises the reader yo u to be gentle to a book, without disturbing Sarasvati, a Hindu goddess of knowledge, music, arts and science (allusion), and not offending the tree, for it is sacred, because you make papers for the books from itYou must uplift how to turn the pages gently3 And then now, on the second stanza, the changes of culture slowly happen during the second generation (the children of the first generation). Bhatt mentioned oppressors tongue which clear shows that India already has people in control of them (the British Colonization has happen). She also uses the word murder which is a very strong diction to say that people had killed during that timehas not been the oppressors tongue? truly meant to murder someone?4 While going into the third generation (grandchildren of the first generation), Bhatt expressed in a curious tone that why would the people in the third generation will like the language of the winners, which she stated as a singular language. She uses the word conquerors to sho w that the British men had won over their country. And also, we can picture that many had died in cruel ways during the British Colonization including their ancestors by her using strong in this last stanza such as torture and soul had been cropped out. This stanza showed that the culture had been changed and soon the later generations will forget about their original culturethe unborn grandchildren grow to love that strange language.

Project on McDonald’s Corporation Essay

Introduction and BackgroundIn 1940 two br others Dick and mackintoshk Macdonald opened their own eating place. Eight eld ago the first fancys and rules of agile sustenance issue and sales were formulated by them. Initi all in ally the argument was created in a a great deal(prenominal) representation that everything should be very debased and effective. Brothers spent much time elaborating the layout of the kitchen in their first restaurant, sothey achieved the goal.Inspire of the fact that later they sold their bank line and their family no agelong the owners of it, nowadays mcdonalds sustain the same efficient system of production and sales that it is able to introduce and master(prenominal)tain all over the beingness using distinct st measuregies and methods.External EnvironmentExternal environment is a bunch of various outward forces that may have a great impact on the keep comp whatsoever(prenominal)s writ of execution. The external environment of every comp some(prenominal) comprises of three levels the general, indus attack and competitor environments. The integration of information received from these environments servings to identify and shape the companions strategies. Thereby, in cabaret to understand what hindrances company faces or may encounter in the future, it is essential to analyze all the levels of its external environment.It was menti peerless(a)d earlier that the headquarters of McDonalds locates in the U.S. so we pass on analyze general and industry environments in this region.General EnvironmentThe general environment is usually examined by the analysis of 7 segments demographic, economic, political/legal, sociocultural, technological, worldwide and physical environment segments. First of all, the demographic segment is touch with the population structure and omposition. The USAs population is estimated at 313 286 000 tidy sum in 2012. By analyzing population composition, it can be said that in that respect is very high level of immigration. Moreover, it can be said that the birth rate is sufficient 13.68 births/1,000 population in 2012, according to CIA World Factbook.Thereby, these statistics help to understand that the region is quite profitable and comfortable to operate in due to the giant population size and excessive number of capability employees. Last but no least, according to U.S. Census Bureau, the median household income during period of 2006 to 2010 is $51914 which is quite high. Secondly, the political/legal segment is quite important for the analysis because the industry is highly contingent on the different kind of taxes imposed by the governments. McDonalds lodge is obliges to pay agate line taxes, payroll taxes, Food Product Association taxes (19% ofthe total profit and 19% in the pr shabu of all(prenominal) product) and wellness and social indemnification for the employees. The changes in governments tax policy may utterly affect the companys r tied(p)ue. As re gards the economic segment, one of the major contend for devalued food industry is that to keep the price is low for the node. However, it is quite hard because nowadays the USA is still suffering from the financial crisis which can be a come-at-able reason to decrease in outside food consumption in a whole.The dimension influencing the fast food industry the intimately is the sociocultural. The reason is that the industry is dependent on peoples preferences and opinions thats why even tiny changes argon crucial. From 2000 to 2002 McDonalds profits dropped from $1.977 million to $893 million. It was ca utilize by the increase of customers health-consciousness and fears of obesity, as a consequence, some customers prefer to a greater extent healthier options which offer a greater variety of food for health conscious customers.Further more(prenominal), it is quite important to devote attention to technological segment because the technologies al counselings mean faster operation and speak to minimization. McDonalds uses different in advance(p) appliances to prep be its food without galore(postnominal) dangers and in a quick way. Moreover, the majority of McDonalds restaurants admits free Wi-Fi. In summing up, McDonalds improved the technology of its supply filament management.Regarding the global segment, it should be highlighted that most U.S. companies argon think globally which means that they operate in many different countries. McDonalds is not an exception. It is located in 119 countries and is cognise as one of the most spread fast food restaurants chain.Last but not least, nowadays more and more companies be concerned with social responsibility and environmentally friendly policies.Industry EnvironmentThe industry environment is usually analyzed by Porters five forces model. Firstly, it is the little terror of New Entrants. The threat of current entrants in the fast food industry is high because there ar no legal barriers which would ke ep them from entering the industry. The major barriers in which a pissed faces in the industry are the economies of scale and the access of the diffusion.In order for a firm to enjoy success in the industry, they must spend a large tot of capital on advertize and grocerying. The industry is very competitive because firms are always attempting to steal customers from each other. Access for distribution is crucial in the restaurant industry because if the customer cant see you or access you easily its possible that they wont goout of there way to eat there. Franchise options standardizedly make is easier to enter the marketplace, for example Subway has built their strategical plan around license options. Therefore, initially the only cost to enter the market is the starting capital required to open a restaurant. However, it can cost upwards of millions of dollars for all the equipment, licensing, and the property. This costly barrier is the most probable reason that people d o not enter this business. The food-service industry doesnt have any exit barriers, which allow firms to easily leave the industry if theyre not successful, at virtually only the cost incurred.The blurb force is negociate proponent of Buyers. McDonalds, and the industry, has attempted to pass water market capitalization, by keeping the customer satisfied, due to the fact there are relatively no switching cost. For this reason, they have select the slogan, the customer is always right. The industry must try to maintain a hold on the market by conforming to a ever-changing society as well as maintaining high quality. One of the industrys most repenny concerns is that of creating a healthier society and prevention of obesity. McDonalds partnership has faced previous law suits on being held accountable for obesity, similarly following the litigation serve of cigarettes and tobacco companies.The courts ruled against this issue in McDonalds favor, making this a remote future risk f actor. McDonalds has had to paid legal fees in order to defend itself in this type of litigationhowever, even with this incremental cost they are still achieving a significant rate of earnings growth. In contributeition, McDonalds, in its effort to be a more socially responsible corporate citizen by supporting a healthier society, has developed light and kempt menu items in order to give customers extra eating options and in doing so, broadening the array of its customer base while offering its existing customer base with healthier menu options. Thirdly, it is Bargaining Power of Suppliers.It can be said that McDonalds has a large bargaining power because of the fact that they spend 4.852 billion dollars in food and stem in 2004. This can be argued that the companies that McDonalds bargains from could be largely dependent on McDonalds business. Although in recent years the industry has had a slim problem with beef, because of the outbreak of the mad cow disease. This problem r aised the cost of beef in Europe tremendously but the cost actually went up around the world because of the beef shortage in Europe.In this case it can be argued that the suppliers of beef have a hard voice as well. The suppliers that sell to McDonalds have a strong voice also because of the fact that the switching cost for McDonalds as a whole would be so tremendous that they would not want to make that change, so any problems or disputes would be worked out with there suppliers. Also, with the competition and the number of buyers in the market place, losing a large company like McDonalds could destroy any supplier but there are other prospects out there to buy that product like Wendys, Jack inthe Box, Burger King and a few others that they may be able to salvage there losses. As for the paper goods that McDonalds buy from the manufacturers, if McDonalds were to change manufacturers the supplier could easily change there manufacturing to note book paper by just readjusting the mac hines but it would come at a great cost. The fourth force is Threat of Substitute Products. McDonalds is known for their famous French Fries, Big Macs, and Happy Meals. Competitors of the industry also try to compete with similar products therefrom, leading(p) to price wars.McDonalds created a Dollar Value Menu, in response to competitors such as Wendys 99 cent menu. Overall, the industry has tried various product differentiations in order to accumulate greater market share, but most consumers are drawn to the classics for which the establishment is known for. However, growing concernto achieve a healthier society has led McDonalds, as well as other competitors, to make extensive menu changes, in order to conform to a more concerned society. McDonalds is doing more and more to compete with health think restaurants like Subway.Nutritionist and other leading experts have been hired to join the McDonalds aggroup in order to ensure that the correct items are added to the menu, while still keeping and improving the classics that they are famous for. For example, the chicken nuggets that we all grew up on are now 100% white meat. McDonalds is flexible in their menu to conform to the changing tastes of society, but they always serve with a smile The fifth and final force is Competitive Rivalry within an Industry. Currently in the fast food industry, there is intense competition for growth in the market. The market growth is rising because of the convenience factor and busy consumers not having enough time to dodge a meal.The restaurant industry is also growing rapidly due to opportunities in other global markets. In McDonalds case, they actually have a competitive advantage because they have already entered many different countries and are succeeding in these countries. Each firm within the food-service industry is susceptible to losing customers because there are relatively no switching costs for consumers, therefore the industry has to rely heavily on their s pot learn and quality of products. McDonalds has a number of competitors however they are currently the leader of the industry in market capitalization with a cap of $39.31 billion.Competitor AnalysisIt is almost decisive to know the competitors in your industry in order to be able to overtake and surpass them. The top competitors of McDonalds are Burger King, Wendys, KFC and Subway.Burger KingBurger King is the second largest hamburger fast-food chain in the world and is the number one competitor for McDonalds. Burger King has 11,400 locations in 58 countries and derives 55 percent of its revenue from the drive-through window. Burger King account 1.72 billion in 2002 in revenue which is a 17 percent increase compared to a 4 percent increase reported byMcDonalds over the same period. Burger Kings distinct assets include the uncommon Whopper with its one of kind charbroiled taste and the company policy of preparing the hamburger any way that the customer wants it.Burger King has d istinguished itself over the years in many ways including being the first in the fast-food industry to enclose its bench seating in 1957 thereby offering customer indoor dining experience. Burger King also differentiated itself when it installed the drive-through window in its restaurants in 1975. In addition to the Whopper Burger King also offers a few set items on its breakfast menu that differs it from it competitors including the Croissanwiches and french toast sticks. The rest of the menu also offered the unique veggie burger and chicken Caesar salad.WendysWendys is the third largest fast-food chain with 9,000 stores in 33 countries world wide. In 2002 they reported 2.73 billion in revenue which is up 14.2 percent from the previous year. Wendys offers some(prenominal) unique items including the Frostys and Spicy Chicken Sandwiches as well as healthier items such as salads, baked potatoes and chili. Wendys has also distinguished itself through the creation of the special value menu with all items on it under a one dollar.Wendys also owns several small companies including Tim Hortons and Baja Fresh Mexican Grill. It plans on increasingly using acquisitions of smaller brands to further growth. In next decade Wendys plans to add in the midst of 2 and 4 thousand peeled stores worldwide. One important weakness of Wendys is the lack of easily recognizable product compared to McDonalds Big Mac of the Burger King Whopper.KFC strategical ObjectivesKFC has the strategic objectives of expansion along with profits and sales growth. KFC has also been applying its strategies at improving services and making them more and more customer friendly. It has not only been customizing its menu according to the countries that it has been operating in, it has also been trying to cater to different ethnic groups like African Americans and Hispanics. Such types of strategies are focused on increasing the customer base by better customization of products. another(prenominal) tha n thetraditional eat-in restaurants, KFC has also beenexpanding into non-traditional facilities like shopping malls, hospitals, universities, stadiums office buildings etc and a number of strategies have been formulated to aid this kind of expansion. Competitive AdvantageA very strong financial keisterground is one of KFCs competitive advantages. KFC has been functioning as a multinational corporation for several decades. As a result, the company is familiar with the logistical and quality problems which accompany operating an international food operation, and has demo that it can work with host countries and businesses within the host country to develop a dodge which works in the most cost effective way. With the transportation of time, KFC has developed another very important competitive advantage for itself Environmental Friendliness.In March 2009, the first eco-friendly green KFC was opened in Northampton USA. The restaurant is intentional according to environmental goals t hat include cutting energy and water consumption by 30 percent and reducing CO2 emissions. Operations at the new site are also expected to reduce waste and the amount of rubbish sent to landfills the restaurant composts and recycles other waste, grease and used cooking oil. Other than this, in an effort to reduce its packaging by 1,400 tons, KFC is now switching from cardboard to recyclable and biodegradable paper wrapping for some of its products.SubwayStrategic ObjectivesThe strategic objectives of Subway focus on creating a global strategic plan to enable Subway restaurants to succeed internationally. Other than this subway is intent upon introducing the concept of healthy fast food. Sandwiches of Subway have been include in diet plans by experts. Subways stand regarding obesity in children is not new to its customers. Strategies at Subway are not only about a really ambitious increase in franchises all over the world but they are also about making the food more and more appealin g to the health conscious customers because health conscious attitudes, according to the experts, are here to stay now. Competitive AdvantageOne of the greatest competitive advantages that Subway was born with is its healthy menu. The salads and sandwiches appeal much more to the people as compared to fried chicken, burgers, fries and pizzas. With its advertising and promotion, Subway has long been highlighting its healthy food in advertising and promotions and with the passage of time, it has established itself as a healthy brand. Another competitive advantage that subway enjoys is the fact that along with traditional locations, Subway restaurants can be found in more than 4,000 non traditional locations such asfood courts, health clubs, hospitals, universities, amusement parks or just about anywhere. In fact, Subway restaurants can even be found in automobile showrooms and Laundromats This global presence is indeed a sustainable advantage for Subway and of necessity to be managed properly. Subways bracing food is also a competitive advantage because unlike its competitors like McDonalds it allows its franchisees to choose their own food suppliers, to ensure they can access the freshest ingredients.Resources, Capabilities and Core CompetencesResources Human resourcesMcDonalds is does its beaver to reward outstanding employees for exception work. It is also putting more emphasis on its hospitality didactics to ensure a friendlier and customer focused support staff. Brand fealtyThe long queues to McDonalds in food courts is the best illustration of high level of brand loyalty, that company continues to develop. In advertising campaigns McDonalds uses the slogan Im lovin it which it there attempt to make McDonalds an easy choice for families. They have also started using popular medicine to appeal to youth population. Real estateIt may be surprising, but real estate ownership is one of the significant Mcdonalds resources. It is estimated that McDonalds gene rates more gold from its rent than from its franchise fees. One of the ways in whichMcDonalds receives funds from its franchises is in rent money. McDonalds owns all property in which a McDonalds outlet was built regardless if the location is a franchise or company owned.CapabilitiesMcDonalds used to have several capabilities, among them hiring process and employees training and product innovation. Hiring processIt is complicated and systematic. It comprises of 3 main stages. 1. Initial interview and psychometric evaluation. On this step the candidates undergoing simple interview and tests evaluating their verbal and critical reasoning2. Job evaluation. On this step candidates have 2 days practice in a restaurant that allows them to look at McDonalds as a future employees and HR team to assess candidates performance 3. Final interview. The last stage of hiring process includes overall interview and decision about the candidates is made.Taking into consideration staff training, McDo nalds has many training programs on every level of restaurant. Training forums are made for basic workers and they start from the very beginning of working in the restaurant. They are designed to help employees with their communicational skills and encourage growth in the company. Other programs are created for managers of the restaurants, such as Basic Shift Management, Advanced Shift Management, and Systems Management Course .Their main objectives are providing information about internal standards and procedures, teaching data analyses and strategies of identifying and solving different problems. For higher levels employees McDonalds has internship programs for students and recent graduates. Programs let them practice in different spheres of companies performance such as Information technologies, Marketing, Finance and others. Other McDonalds project Leadership Development program is based course planning, Individual Development plans, career maps, succession planning, learning activities and others. Product innovationThe main resource developing product innovation schema are full-time chief working in studios in Munich, Hong-Kong and Chicago. Moreover, localization of products also plays important role in development of innovative products. For example, in India Beef and pork products are not offered due to Indian religious beliefs. What is more, meat and vegetarian meals are prepared in rive areas of the restaurant again as a result of religious laws about preparation of food for vegetarians and meat-eaters.There is an Indian version of the Big Mac in India is calledthe Maharaja Mac and made with two grilled chicken slices, onions, love applees, cheese and a zesty mayonnaise. In Taiwan company introduced kao fan (literally baked rice), that resembles a burger with rice patties in place of buns. Finally, in Philippines McDonalds serves even spaghetti with in sweet tomato sauce, topped with cheese.Core Competences Produce quick cheap food to large numbe r of customersWith this concept, they are able to expand into many countries be the largest fast-food chain in the world. The process of production is the company nubble competence. Initially it was designed in such way as to be fast and very effective. There is finespun guidance of how to do every action mechanism.Mcdonalds pioneered in the systematization of its processes.Efficiency of operations andsynchronization is the basis for success of the company.Also, it may be said, that burgers and fries are themselves McDonalds core competences. McDonalds classic burgers has always taste the same in any outlet in the world. This consistent quality assures customers trust and loyalty to the product. It also provides an assuring brand experience. StructureSome specialists consider the unique organizational structure of McDonalds as its core competence. McDonalds never used rigid hierarchical organizational structure, that company managed to sustain over the years. It uses freedom with framework mantra, keeping structure decentralized. It allows local managers to make decisions by themselves. It also plays significant role in localization of menu due to local needs.Business-Level StrategyThe business level strategy McDonalds uses integrated cost leadership and differentiation. It means the products of mcdonalds is the cheapest on the market and more over McDonalds does its best to make them absolutely different from what others produce, using localization and launching new products almost every year.So the target of its strategy is to meet the needs of buyers whose preferences are distinctively different from others. So MD deals with the costumers who want very fast service with good quality. And it is different from the visitors of not fast food restaurants. The product line is customized to meet their needs. The marketing emphasis is put on communication and market analysis again to satisfy their needs. Finally the way to sustain strategy is remaining dedicated to serving one niche and be better than competitors in everything and do not dilute the brand image entering other niches.Corporate-Level StrategyCorporate-level strategy is a strategy which is aimed at the long term position of a business. A corporation or business can use plenty of methods to develop a corporate level strategy, however, basically, there are four main strategies that almost all businesses use which are Concentrate on a single business, other words, business stays on the same industry on purpose to create a strong competitive position within the industry. Diversification which is to move to a new business to provide a new good or service. There are two kinds of diversification, related diversification which is to compete in similar area/industry of activities to build asynergy and unrelated diversification which is to enter a new industry to compete and build a portfolio strategy. International Expansion. This means some competition in more than one market to serv e the needs of the other markets/countries. Vertical Integration. This is a way to cut costs by providing your own ways of inputs, backswept good integration and your own channels of distribution and selling outputs by forward integration.Therefore, now lets move directly to McDonalds corporate-level strategy. Nevertheless, before we start to consider all the main points of this feature type of strategy, some overview details will be given.Mc Donalds is a fast food restaurant operating on a global basis. It is operating on 119countries world wide. Mc Donalds was opened for the first time in Cyprus in June 1997 and by now there are 16 Mc Donalds restaurants in Cyprus.So, Mc Donalds uses corporate level strategies like all other global basis corporations in order to sacrifice corporate goals to be cost effective. MC Donalds is a business which only concentrates on a single task which is the fast food business industry as stated by Dr. Weber, (2000). This special issue someday will help a lot the business to concentrate directly on one single task and get not only more power and market share, but consumer loyalty also in result.This happens because of the fact that they will run many strategies to find the best solutions of the consumer needs and preferences. However this can be very risky if the business fails to meet the right needs of consumers and therefore will not be profitable and as a result will close down due to the possible bankruptcy.Firstly, as it was stated in Washington post (2005) MC Donalds diversifies its operations in many ways. Thus, the company uses related diversification in order to produce the same products which are burgers and salads basically, but they provide just an enormous number of choices, such as Big Mac or Mac chicken, different kinds of salads.Moreover, McDonalds operates in more than one geographical area but still performing the same task. Also it has opened MC cafes all around the world. McDonalds gets many advantages by doing related diversification, firstly, if there are two Mc Donalds restaurants in a city, then the two firms can build a synergy by co-operating with the right to use some special facilities such as the advertisements, suppliers and sometimes events, for instance, charity events. Secondly, as statedby Ricky, W (2003), the firm depends less on a single product, so its less vulnerable to competitive or economic threats. Other words, Mc Donalds having variety of products like burgers, salads, ice creams and drinks is not being threaten of competition because this particular company has diversity in its products, for instance, Mc Donalds Greek Mac makes it more stable and strong than such rivals as Burger King because the rivals do not have such product.Thirdly, it allows the firm to use technology or expertise developed in one market, for example, fast food to enter a second market more cheaply and easily e.g. MC Caf. However, the only disadvantage that Mc Donalds faces, is the cost of coordinating the operations of the related divisions. In 2001, McDonalds launched a new venture by opening two hotels in Switzerland (Zurich and Lully) under the name princely Arch Hotel Stefan, M (2005).This is a good example of an unrelated diversification because of the fact that Mc Donalds is taking risks of its business from a single activity to many others like taking part in the Hotel industry. Unrelated diversification provides a portfolio for Mc Donalds because it is operating on two absolutely different industries and the risk is reduced because if one of the two markets that the business has activity in fails to grow successfully, then the growth of the other market will cover the costs of it.Secondly, such strategy is less vulnerable to competitive threats because any given threat from a competitor is likely to affect only a flock of its total operations. However, unrelated diversification is very difficult to manage since the company has to deal with two markets an d their strategies, plans and organization and coordination of each ad hoc market which it isdealing with. McDonalds has introduced the American concept of fast food to many foreign Markets as stated by, Francine L, (2005). Moreover, the firm has by now, expanded throughout most of the world by operating on 119 countries. Thus, Mc Donalds is known globally today because it is expanded internationally. Mc Donalds is using multi-domestic strategy to serve each nations needs. It is customizing the fast food menus for each specific country/nation to suit the peoples wants. For instance there is Greek Mac in Cyprus and Greece. The advantage of this strategy is that the company is targeting a nation very effectively and gains market share by attracting the customers whereas, the cost of production will increase in order to add a new feature to the firm and the prices will rise to cover the costs. As stated in Getting the Facts Straight leaflet of Mc Donalds, the firm is working with top suppliers and independent experts on health and safety.The Cyprus Mc Donalds restaurants inputs such as meat, is ordered regularly from Italy with the highest quality and when they enter the island,it is supplied to all the franchise branches on the island by Mc Donalds vans and trucks. This shows that Mc Donalds owns its inputs and has its out-of-the-way(prenominal)ms to breed cattle and grow vegetable and potatoes. Therefore, this allows the company to diminish costs by doing vertical backward integration. Moreover, it maintains a guaranteed time, quality and amount of supply to the restaurants when required.The drawback of vertical integration is that, at the beginning of the integration huge amounts of capital should be invested in to the backward integration. Mc Donalds business has been working since 1956 till now successfully and still operates under these corporate level strategies.Cooperative StrategyA concerted strategy means interaction between two or group of companie s which work together to achieve a shared objective. By measures which areincluded in cooperation, companies can create value for the customer at a lower cost or with more benefits than it is able to do by itself. The first type of cooperative strategy used is strategic alliances.Such kind of cooperations means that companies partly share their resources and capabilities between each others to produce new resources and capabilities, e.g. gain shared objectives. Such corporations as McDonalds, Coca-Cola and Disney are the biggest multinational corporation with outstanding profits.But how can they enlarge their profits with the same amount of resources? The answer to this question is cooperation.lets look through some strategic alliances organise by McDonalds.Alliance with Coca-ColaMcDonalds alliance with Coca-Cola has no piece of paper to fall back onjust a common vision and a lot of trust, according to Mr Ivester (Cokes chairman). On setting up in the burger business in the 1950s, one of Ray Krocs first successes was persuading a Coke executive Waddy Pratt to provide him with their drink.Cokes relationship with McDonalds goes far beyond than just a supplier It has helped McDonalds to go to the new markets all over the world, because Coke is sold in almost twice as many countries as McDonalds. Michael Quinlan, McDonalds chairman, runs off a long list of areas of cooperation, from banking relationships to equipment design. There is also very close relations between the members of this alliance at board level. When Cokes chairman Robert Goizueta died, flags flew at half-mast at McDonalds around the world.Alliance with DisneyThe alliance between McDonalds and Disney has moved way beyond doing only movie promotions with Happy Meal toys. Nowadays this alliance has made enormous amounts of progress, for example McDonalds being a sponsor of Dinoland, one of Disneys attraction in Animal Kingdom, has built its restaurant outside this attractions park. This new smart McDonalds is decorated in DisneyWorld style. The staff wear uniforms which is O.K. byDisney, which demonstrates McDonalds characters.Alliance with Master Card and VisaMcDonalds has announced an alliance with MasterCard and another alliance with Visa USA to bring cashless honorarium options to McDonalds restaurants in the US. By this cooperation with MC and Visa, a company has provided more comfortable system of payment in McDonalds which attracts customers.Alliance with Malls and Gas postMcDonalds latest expansion targets call for approximately 3,000 new restaurants world-wide both 2008 and 2009. Two-thirds of new restaurants will be built outside the USA. On the other hand, in the US approximately 600 new restaurants will be so-called satellite units mini-McDonalds found in malls and especially in nationwide retailer. McDonalds has formed alliances with Amoco Oil Co. and Chevron Corp. in the US to built restaurants in tandem with gas stations to cover more and more destinations all over the country. international StrategyMcDonalds has initially expanded to international markets in the conditions of strong regulations and overcrowded market in the USA. In the very beginning they offered a standardized products and attracted new clients with disinvest environment policy and brand equity. Recently the company adapt to new conditions by providing new product line and redesigning retail space in order to meet local needs and tastes.This strategy has allowed McDonalds to adapt quickly to new countries, but at the same time it created a long-term threat of diluting the brand and loosing its association with American culture. For instance, in Europe McDonalds becomes going beyond fast-food conception. In order to compete with coffee shops, McDonalds started offering more comfortable conditions, such as WI-FI and iPods for rent. Moreover, they created new healthier and locally adopted foods.Some specialists suggest, that if the company continue to expand with this strategy, it will be quite difficult to remain recognizable and important brand.Now it is time to consider McDonalds global strategy in more detail, taking China, South Africa, Brazil and Saudi Arabia as examples of strategy realization. But firstly, it is outlay mentioning a few background facts.There is an incredible opportunity to expand in the world. McDonalds annual growth rate is about 1000-1500 restaurants and by 5-10 countries. According to the statistics, the company employed about 2 million people worldwide in 2000. The company adapts easily to new customers preferences by incorporating in the menu pommefrite sauce in Belgium and Holland and special mayonnaise based sauce in Iceland.ChinaThe McDonalds strategy in China is vary specific and it is aimed for adaptation to local culture. In resemblance with the US, it was important for Chinese clients to focus not only on the food, but also on the restaurants atmosphere. That is why in China McDonalds restaurants are very similar to the American coffee houses with comfortable conditions for conversation and meetings. An other part of McDonalds strategy is introducing national tastes in its menu, such as the teriyaki burger.South AfricaIn South Africa McDonalds contumacious to focus on high populated cites. The point is to serve people where they eat, shop or play. The companies survey figured out that drive thru facilities are much effective then restaurants themselves, that is why there was made a decision on improving retail spaces. Moreover, McDonalds marketing strategy was concentrate on potential customers with different income level.In South Africa McDonalds has 90 branches spanning all nine provinces. It has 3 000 staff in just 39 restaurants, most working for franchisees. Each new restaurant opening creates as many as 80 new jobs, which is really important in current conditions.BrazilThe eighth largest McDonalds market is concentrated in Brazil. Management team here is mostly focused on qua lity improvement and customer satisfaction and it was awarded for these efforts with Franchising Hallmark of Quality.Furthermore, McDonalds Brazil is one of the best employers and fifth among most admired companies in the country.Saudi Arabia and IndiaThe most characteristic feature of McDonalds in Saudi Arabia is that it closes five times a day for Islamic prayers. McDonalds India offers aloo tikki and paneer. And it doesnt serve beef or pork at all. The Big Mac becomes Maharaja Mac in India. The company created special conditions for vegetarians with separate kitchen, cook and utensils. Moreover, in Ahmedabad the company decided to open an all-vegetarian outlet. Holding in respect Muslim tenets of belief, the company does not serve pork in all Islamic countries.There are two absolutely unique restaurants in the Holy City of Makkah, where Muslim customers are exclusively served by the staff, fully consists of Moslem employees, from the Service Crew to the Restaurant Manager level . And finally, McDonalds efforts have improved the local industries and national economy due to the fact that more than 50% of the products used are manufactured locally and in the gulf regions.RecommendationsFor Business-Level StrategyThe main recommendation in terms of business-level strategy is to remain in the same niche. McDonalds pioneered the whole concept of the fast food restaurant, that is why it should go to some other businesses, such as higher-level restaurant, because it can dilute their image of best fast food restaurant.For Corporate-Level StrategyDue to the fact that not every family has a direct access to McDonalds cafes or just their place is too far from the restaurants, the idea to provide fast food to supermarkets. The products will be sold in the special vacuum package, so that it would have their original taste. This way the restaurant will loose nothing because there are only advantages which consist of making extra profit and gaining customer loyalty throug h spreading their production into the farplaced (far located) regions.For Cooperative StrategyAs we have seen in the examples of McDonalds alliances cooperation is very efficient way of development. In my opinion, McDonalds can cooperate with greater amount of companies. However, it should be very selective in choosing partner not to dilute its image. For example McDonalds can cooperate with Apple McDs can provide free rechargers to Apple gadgets in its restaurants, while apple spread some apps by the AppStore. I think that McDonalds also shouldcreate alliance with some attraction park companies, as theyve made with Disney. Of course it would be more profitable for McDonalds because of the amount of clients concentrated in one place. On the other hand, ones park logo and symbolic in MacDonalds is worth it.For Global StrategyIn spite of the fact, that McDonalds has great expansion opportunities, it is essential for the company to concoct about its strength and to prevent brand dilu tion by means of concentrating on traditional American fast-food menu and including no more then 30% of specific dishes. Talking about the companys pros, it is essential to continue developing and improving marketing campaign towards children and adults in foreign countries. In addition, such fresh ideas as creating vegetarian restaurants should be adopted in more countries in order to give customers alternative choice. Moreover.It would be a great idea to install profit access terminals in each restaurants in order to reduce the amount of lag time between a customers orders and pick up of the order. This will show the innovative company level and improve its brand image for customers.ConclusionIn the conclusion it is worth mentioning that the best prove of grotesque effectiveness of McDonalds strategy is the fact that its competitors trying to copy its standards and processes to become more competitive at the market where McDonalds still remains the leader.View as multi-pages

The Host Chapter 41: Vanished

Ian sat with me for three days in the darkness.He left for unaccompanied a few short minutes at a condemnation, to get us nutriment and water. At first, Ian ate, though I did non. Then, as he realized that it wasnt a loss of appetite that left my tray full, he stop eating, to a fault.I used his brief absences to deal with the physical needs that I could not ignore, thankful for the proximity of the odorous stream. As my fast lengthened, those needs vanished.I couldnt keep from sleeping, but I did not make myself comfortable. The first day, I woke to bugger off my degree and shoulders cradled on his lap. I recoiled from him, shuddering so violently that he did not repeat the gesture. After that, I slumped against the stones whither I was, and when I woke, I would curl back up into my taciturn ball at once. transport, Ian whispered on the third day-at least I thought it was the third day there was no way to be received of the passing time in this dark, silent place. It was the first time hed spoken.I k in the raw a tray of food was in front of me. He pushed it closer, till it touched my leg. I cringed away.Please, Wanda. Please eat something.He roll his hand on my arm but moved away quickly when I flinched away from under it.Please dont hate me. Im so sorry. If Id comen I would pee stopped them. I wont let it happen again.He would neer stop them. He was just one among many. And, as J bed had say, hed had no objections before. I was the enemy. level(p) in the most compassionate, humankinds limited scope of mercy was reserved for their own.I knew Doc could never intentionally inflict pain on an opposite person. I doubted he would even be capable of watching such a thing, tender as his feelings were. But a worm, a centipede? Why would he fretfulness about the agony of a strange alien creature? Why would it bother him to murder a baby-slowly, slicing it apart piece by piece-if it had no human mouth to scream with?I should have told you, Ian whispered .Would it have mattered if Id simply been told rather than having seemn the tortured remains for myself? Would the pain be less unanimous?Please eat.The silence returned. We sat in it for a while, by chance another hour.Ian got up and walked quietly away.I could make no sense of my emotions. In that moment, I hate the body I was bound to. How did it make sense that his pass depressed me? Why should it pain me to have the solitude I craved? I treasured the monster back, and that was plainly wrong.I wasnt alone for long. I didnt know if Ian had at peace(p) to get him or if hed been waiting for Ian to leave, but I recognized Jebs contemplative talk as it approached in the darkness.The whistling stopped a few feet from me, and there was a loud click. A beam of yellow hang burned my look. I blinked against it.Jeb set the flashlight scratch off, bulb up. It threw a circle of light on the low ceiling and make a wider, more diffuse sphere of light around us.Jeb settled himself a gainst the wall beside me.Gonna starve yourself, then? Is that the plan?I glared at the stone floor.If I was being honest with myself, I knew that my mourning was over. I had grieved. I hadnt known the child or the other soul in the cave of horrors. I could not grieve for strangers forever. No, now I was angry.You wanna die, there are easier and faster ways.As if I wasnt aware of that.So give me to Doc, then, I croaked.Jeb wasnt surprised to hear me talk. He nodded to himself, as if this was exactly what hed known would come out of my mouth.Did you expect us to just give up, Wanderer? Jebs voice was stern and more serious than I had ever hear it before. We have a stronger pick instinct than that. Of wrangle we want to find a way to get our minds back. It could be any one of us someday. So many people we applaud are already lost.It isnt easy. It nearly kills Doc each time he fails-youve seen that. But this is our reality, Wanda. This is our world. Weve lost a war. We are about to be extinct. Were trying to find ways to save ourselves.For the first time, Jeb spoke to me as if I were a soul and not a human. I had a sense that the distinction had forever been clear to him, though. He was just a courteous monster.I couldnt deny the truth of what he was saying, or the sense of it. The shock had worn off, and I was myself again. It was in my nature to be fair.Some few of these humans could see my side of things Ian, at least. Then I, too, could consider their perspective. They were monsters, but maybe monsters who were justified in what they were doing.Of course they would think violence was the practise. They wouldnt be able to imagine any other solution. Could I blame them that their genetic programming restricted their problem-solving abilities in this way?I cleared my throat, but my voice was still hoarse with disuse. Hacking up babies wont save anyone, Jeb. Now theyre all dead.He was quiet for a moment. We cant tell your young from your old.No, I know that .Your kind dont spare our babies.We dont torture them, though. We never intentionally shake up anyone pain.You do worse than that. You erase them.You do both.We do, yes-because we have to try. We have to keep fighting. Its the only way we know. Its keep trying or turn our waits to the wall and die. He raised one eyebrow at me.That must have been what it looked like I was doing.I sighed and took the water bottle Ian had left close to my foot. I drained it in one long pull, and then cleared my throat again.It will never work, Jeb. You can keep cutting us out in pieces, but youll just murder more and more sentient creatures of both species. We do not willingly kill, but our bodies are not weak, either. Our attachments may look like soft silver hair, but theyre stronger than your organs. Thats whats happening, isnt it? Doc slices up my family, and their limbs shred through the virtuosos of yours. comparable cottage cheese, he agreed.I gagged and then shuddered at the image.It makes m e sick, too, he admitted. Doc gets real bent out of shape. E actually time he thinks hes got it cracked, it goes south again. Hes attempt ein truththing he can think of, but he cant save them from getting turned into oatmeal. Your souls dont respond to injected sedation or poison.My voice came out rough with new horror. Of course not. Our chemical makeup is completely different.Once, one of yours seemed to guess what was going to happen. Before Doc could knock the human out, the silver thingy tore up his brain from the inside. Course, we didnt know that until Doc opened him up. The guy just collapsed.I was surprised, strangely impressed. That soul must have been very brave. I had not had the courage to contain that step, even in the beginning when I was sure they were going to try to torture this very information from me. I didnt imagine they would try to slash the answer out for themselves that course was so obviously doomed to failure, it had never occurred to me.Jeb, we are rel atively tiny creatures, utterly dependent on unwilling hosts. We wouldnt have lasted very long if we didnt have some defenses.Im not denying that your kind have a right to those defenses. Im just telling you that were gonna keep fighting back, however we can. We dont mean to cause anyone pain. Were makin this up as we go. But we will keep fighting.We looked at each other.Then maybe you should have Doc slice me up. What else am I computable for?Now, now. Dont be silly, Wanda. We humans arent so logical as all that. We have a greater range of good and bad in us than you do. Well, maybe mostly the bad.I nodded at that, but he kept going, ignoring me.We value the individual. We probably put too much emphasis on the individual, if it comes right bug out to it. How many people, in the abstract, would lets say Paige how many people would she sacrifice to keep Andy alive? The answer wouldnt make any sense if you were looking at the unharmed of humanity as equals.The way you are valued he re Well, that dont make much sense when you look at it from humanitys perspective, either. But theres some who would value you supra a human stranger. Have to admit, I put myself in that group. I count you as a friend, Wanda. Course, thats not gonna work well if you hate me.I dont hate you, Jeb. ButYeah?I just dont see how I can live here anymore. Not if youre going to be slaughtering my family in the other room. And I cant leave, obviously. So you see what I mean? What else is there for me but Docs pointless cutting? I shuddered.He nodded seriously. Now, thats a real valid point. Its not fair to ask you to live with that.My stomach dropped. If I get a choice, Id rather you shot me, actually, I whispered.Jeb laughed. Slow stack there, honey. Nobodys shooting my friends, or hackin em up. I know youre not lying, Wanda. If you say doing it our way isnt going to work, then were going to have to rethink things. Ill tell the boys theyre not to bring any more souls back for now. Besides, I think Docs nerves are toast. He cant take much more of this.You could be lying to me, I reminded him. I probably couldnt tell.Youll have to trust me, then. Because Im not going to shoot you. And Im not going to let you starve yourself, either. feed in something, kid. Thats an order.I took a deep breath, trying to think. I wasnt sure if wed come to an accommodation or not. Nothing made sense in this body. I liked the people here too much. They were friends. Monstrous friends that I couldnt see in the proper light while sunk in emotion.Jeb picked up a thick square of cornbread soaked through with stolen honey and shoved it into my hand.It made a mess there, crumbling into gluey morsels that stuck to my fingers. I sighed again and started cleaning them off with my tongue.Thats a girl Well get over this rough spot. Things are gonna work out here, youll see. adjudicate to think positive.Think positive, I mumbled around a mouthful of food, shaking my head with disbelief. Only JebIan came back then. When he walked into our circle of light and aphorism the food in my hand, the look that spread across his face filled me with guilt. It was a look of joyous relief.No, I had never intentionally caused anyone physical pain, but I had hurt Ian deeply enough just by hurting myself. Human lives were so impossibly brushd. What a mess.Here you are, Jeb, he said in a subdued voice as he sat down across from us, just slightly closer to Jeb. Jared guessed you might be here.I dragged myself half a foot toward him, my arms aching from being motionless so long, and put my hand on his.Sorry, I whispered.He turned his hand up to work mine. Dont apologize to me.I should have known. Jebs right. Of course you fight back. How can I blame you for that?Its different with you here. It should have stopped.But my being here had only made it that much more important to solve the problem. How to rip me out and keep Melanie here. How to erase me to bring her back.Alls fair in war, I murmur ed, trying to smile.He grinned woebegone back. And love. You forgot that part.Okay, break it up, Jeb mumbled. Im not done here.I looked at him curiously. What more was there?Now. He took a deep breath. Try not to freak out again, sanction? he asked, looking at me. I froze, fascinating Ians hand tighter.Ian threw an anxious glance at Jeb.Youre going to tell her? Ian asked.What now? I gasped. What is it now?Jeb had his poker face on. Its Jamie.Those two words turned the world upside down again.For three long days, Id been Wanderer, a soul among humans. I was suddenly Wanda again, a very confused soul with human emotions that were too powerful to control.I jumped to my feet-yanking Ian up with me, my hand locked on his like a vise-and then swayed, my head spinning.Sheesh. I said dont freak out, Wanda. Jamies okay. Hes just really anxious about you. He perceive what happened, and hes been asking for you-worried out of his mind, that kid is-and I dont think its good for him. I came d own here to ask you to go see him. But you cant go like this. You look horrible. It will just upset him for no good reason. Sit down and eat some more food.His leg? I demanded. at that places a flyspeck infection, Ian murmured. Doc wants him to stay down or hed have come to get you a long time ago. If Jared wasnt practically pinning him to the bed, he would have come anyway.Jeb nodded. Jared almost came here and carried you out by force, but I told him to let me speak to you first. It wouldnt do the kid any good to see you catatonic.My blood felt as though it had changed into ice water. Surely just my imagination.Whats being done?Jeb shrugged. Nothin to do. Kids strong hell fight it off.Nothing to do? What do you mean?Its a bacterial infection, Ian said. We dont have antibiotics anymore.Because they dont work-the bacteria are smarter than your medicines. There has to be something better, something else.Well, we dont have anything else, Jeb said. Hes a sizable kid. It just has to r un its course.Run its course. I murmured the words in a daze.Eat something, Ian urged. Youll worry him if he sees you like this.I rubbed my eyes, trying to think straight.Jamie was sick. There was nothing to treat him with here. No options but waiting to see if his body could heal itself. And if it couldntNo, I gasped.I felt as if I were standing on the edge of Walters grave again, listening to the sound of sand falling into the darkness.No, I moaned, fighting against the memory.I turned mechanically and started walking with stiff strides toward the exit.Wait, Ian said, but he didnt pull against the hand he still held. He kept pace with me.Jeb caught up to me on the other side and shoved more food into my free hand.Eat for the kids sake, he said.I bit into it without tasting, chewed without thinking, swallowed without feeling the food go down.Knew she was gonna overreact, Jeb grumbled.So why did you tell her? Ian asked, frustrated.Jeb didnt answer. I wondered why he didnt. Was this worse even than I imagined?Is he in the hospital? I asked in an emotionless, inflectionless voice.No, no, Ian assured me quickly. Hes in your room.I didnt even feel relief. Too numb for that.I would have gone into that room again for Jamie, even if it was still reeking of blood.I didnt see the familiar caves I walked through. I barely noticed that it was day. I couldnt meet the eyes of any of the humans who stopped to stare at me. I could only put one foot in front of the other until I ultimately reached the hallway.There were a few people clustered in front of the seventh cave. The silk screen was pushed far aside, and they craned their necks to see into Jareds room. They were all familiar, people Id considered friends. Jamies friends, too. Why were they here? Was his condition so unstable that they needed to check on him often?Wanda, someone said. Heidi. Wandas here.Let her through, Wes said. He slapped Jeb on the back. Good job.I walked through the little group without looking a t them. They parted for me I might have walked right into them if they hadnt. I couldnt concentrate on anything but moving myself forward.It was bright in the high-ceilinged room. The room itself was not crowded. Doc or Jared had kept everyone out. I was vaguely aware of Jared, leaning against the far wall with his hands clasped behind him-a metier he assumed only when he was really worried. Doc knelt beside the big bed where Jamie lay, just where I had left him.Why had I left him?Jamies face was red and sweaty. The right leg of his jeans had been cut away, and the bandage was peeled back from his wound. It wasnt as big as Id expected. Not as horrible as I would have imagined. Just a two-inch gash with smooth edges. But the edges were a frightening shade of red, and the skin around the cut was swollen and shiny.Wanda, Jamie exhaled when he saw me. Oh, youre okay. Oh. He took a deep breath.I stumbled and fell to my knees beside him, dragging Ian down with me. I touched Jamies face a nd felt the skin burn under my hand. My articulatio cubiti brushed Docs, but I barely noticed. He scooted away, but I didnt look to see what emotion was on his face, whether it was aversion or guilt.Jamie, baby, how are you?Stupid, he said, grinning. Just plain stupid. Can you believe this? He gestured to his leg. Of all the luck.I found a wet rag on his pillow and wiped it across his forehead.Youre going to be fine, I promised. I was surprised at how fierce my voice sounded.Of course. Its nothing. But Jared wouldnt let me come talk to you. His face was suddenly anxious. I heard about and Wanda, you know I -Shh. Dont even think of it. If Id had any idea you were sick I would have been here sooner.Im not really sick. Just a stupid infection. Im glad youre here, though. I hated not knowing how you were.I couldnt swallow down the lump in my throat. Monster? My Jamie? Never.So I heard you schooled Wes the day we got back, Jamie said, changing the subject with a wide grin. Man, I wish I could have seen that I bet Melanie loved it.Yes, she did.She okay? Not too worried?Of course shes worried, I murmured, watching the cloth travel across his forehead as if it were someone elses hand moving it.Melanie.Where was she?I searched through my head for her familiar voice. There was nothing but silence. Why wasnt she here? Jamies skin was burning where my fingers brushed it. The feel of it-that unwholesome heat-should have had her in the same dismay I was feeling.You okay? Jamie asked. Wanda?Im tired. Jamie, Im sorry. Im just out of it.He eyed me carefully. You dont look so good.What had I done?I havent cleaned up in a while.Im fine, you know. You should go eat or something. Youre pale.Dont worry about me.Ill get you some food, Ian said. You hungry, kid?Ah no, not really.My eyes flashed back to Jamie. Jamie was always hungry.Send someone else, I told Ian, gripping his hand tighter.Sure. His face was smooth, but I could sense both surprise and worry. Wes, could you get some food? Something for Jamie, too. Im sure hell find that appetite by the time you get back.I measured Jamies face. He was flushed, but his eyes were bright. He would be okay for a few minutes if I left him here.Jamie, do you mind if I go wash my face? I feel sort of grimy.He frowned at the false note in my voice. Course not.I pulled Ian up with me again as I rose. Ill be right back. I mean it this time.He smiled at my weak joke.I felt someones eyes on me as I left the room. Jareds or Docs, I didnt know. I didnt care.Only Jeb still stood in the hallway now the others had gone, reassured, perhaps, that Jamie was doing okay. Jebs head tilted to the side, curious, as he tried to figure out what I was doing. He was surprised to see me leave Jamies side so soon and so abruptly. He, too, had heard the sham in my excuse.I hurried past his inquisitive gaze, towing Ian with me.I dragged Ian back through the room where the tunnels to all the living quarters met in a big tangle of openings. Inste ad of keeping on toward the main plaza, I pulled him into one of the dark corridors, picking at random. It was deserted.Wanda, what -I need you to help me, Ian. My voice was strained, frantic.Whatever you need. You know that.I put my hands on either side of his face, staring into his eyes. I could barely see a glint of their blue in the darkness.I need you to kiss me, Ian. Now. Please.

Politics and Development in Asia

1. In what policy-making prise is the maturation initiation truly underdeveloped, and in what signifi croupt parts of it are not? dissertate and substantiate by giving examples (Focus Asia)In understanding governmental breedings in Asia, being the bulk of the worlds ontogenesis nations, I begin this paper by looking at the historical developments that have largely shaped and defined the Asiatic nations. more(prenominal) importantly I focus on the atomic number 34 Asian region of the continent collectable to its diversity as well as the pervading regional cooperation that has directly affected, if not impacted other Asian countries during the years afterwardward World fight II. Secondly I would draw three distinctions of how developing nations are truly developing with respects to three vital semi policy-making areas, in the first place the functions of the government, the electoral mould and the participation of genteel corporation. These three aspects would focu s on how developing nations in Asia have man jump ond to progress politically after its democracy was established.Historical OverviewGeographically speechmaking the Asian continent spans 17 million square kilometers and is home to a population of over 4 billion pile. In the past 60 or so years it has largely been host to over a dozen developing nations such as the Filipinos, Malaysia, In makesia, Myanmar, Cambodia, Vietnam and too to progressive developing or true nations as well. This balance between developing and developed nations is attributed to the influences and a rudes experience under colonial rule. During this era, Europeans believed that Asians were largely backward both socially and economically and only served for the economic enhancement of its parent nation (Charskykh, 2005), more importantly the locals in these countries served the purpose of being the labor force of their colonial masters. It was by means of this labor and various instances of social, physical and mental discrimination that more of the Asian countries that had been colonized were forced to revolt.This sense of subject areaism, even at its most infantilestages (as seen in Philippine society) had befriended to consolidate and unify the different levels of society to enact political transplant that would help in the betterment of the unsophisticated. Revolution being the catalyst for political change in Asia has helped foster the spread of independent governments, however it can in addition be said that transfigureation wasnt the only catalyst for the development of early political change in the region.It was during the events that occurred after World War IIthe Cold Warthat further changed the political grace of the Asian region, the age of multi-polarity in Richard Haas article on The Age of Non-polarity (2008) draws a distinction that countries were further developed wherein power of two sovereign nations (the united States and the USSR) helped numerous Asian c ountries as a means of spreading ideological and political attitudes among different countries. The age of non-polarity as well as the effects of the Cold War helped to consolidate and change the different Asian countries political institutions, structures and the very mechanisms, which are bare in todays countries.Political DevelopmentIt can be said that countries in Asia, seeing from the events or circumstances that had shaped it historically, is seen as a progressive continent host to many of the worlds developing nations. In recent years, Asia has play a large role in defining East-West dealings both politically and economically. With the growing influence and presence of china, the world has turned its eye on the easterly caboodle of the map and thus, this has helped to bring in numerous investments and interests to the region. However, despite this surge of regional interest, Asia still has many issues to tackle, such as the role of democracy and the democratization proces s that some countries are sorely lacking, this is part and parcel to the formation of their government, its role and function that should help and aid the people. Secondly, the electoral process, which has served to gauge how democratized a rural area is to the point that it is willing to progress.More importantly, the electoral processes in a developing country is often observed and watched because of how it affects the peoplebeing themost basic right to political participation and arrayationand by large its effects on a countrys traffic with its Asian and global neighbors. Lastly the participation of courteous society, in any democratized nation, civil society plays a key role in settleing and forwarding the issues that are important to the people to the government. More than that, civil society has also played a role in disciplining the government done its expose and oppose tactics, tactics that have helped initiate change in the government through the passing of laws and r eforms that would protect the basic rights of the citizens.Functions of the GovernmentAs mentioned earlier, Asian governments being a direct harvest-time of independence from the de-colonization process or a product of a bi-polar world order are currently experience what political scientists call the three wave of democracy. This third wave according to Samuel Huntington (1990) is essentially characterized by the loss of legitimacy of authoritarian regimes, a growth in economic output, changes in the Catholic Church regional contingency factors and external factors (notably the influence of the European Union and the US). Huntingtons Third Wave of democracy enab guide many newly independent countries to establish themselves in their region, much in the same way the Philippines, India, In makesia and Malaysia did after the Second World War and the subsequent years after. Moreover, because of the waves of democratization, these fledgling governments sought to establish their own nat ional identity element as well as strengthen its patrimony. Hence we see governments working to abolish and reform parts of their system from colonial influences or vestiges of it.Hence, governments in Asia are functioning however to use the standards of many Western nations, thither are countries that are still in need of further development. Governments in this continent are developing in the sense that at one time after their independence they had begun instituting change, the passage of laws that would be favorable to its people and not to its foreign neighbors or former colonial masters. More importantly, it was the passing of their own shaping, which somatic their own ideals and aspirations.Besides that being a classless country, governments have taken into effect the very thing that they werent able to have under colonial rule, their rights and privileges. want any other elected country, the government as well as its branches is tasked with the preservation of their co nstituents basic human, political and social rights. Moreover the governments of Asia during this third wave of democratization have largely distanced itself from the use of its military to coerce the people into action, as seen in the case of the political upheavals in Indonesia, Malaysia and even the Philippines that help restore civilian rule and enact legislation that places all decision-making processes of the military under civilian authority.Hence, the role of the government and its development in the political landscape of Asia is essentially characterized by the waves of democracy that had followed after numerous political and social upheavals that had happened in the region that had allowed for democracy to proper. Moreover, the political development of Asia is largely attributed to the national identity that had been formed prior to their independence as well as the belief that civilian authority should pervade in all aspects of the government structure.Electoral Processe sThe electoral process of Asia and by large any classless country for that matter has been part and parcel of strengthening the democratization of any country. More importantly the electoral processes is seen as the establishment and legitimizing of a government that would adhere to the standards of different political watchdogs, media and Western governments that have investments in a particular Asian country.Electoral process as a measure of political development in developing nations usually stems from the desire to fulfill some of the promises of democracy or change the democratic landscape to as fulfill the problem of diminished and failed expectations of democracy as embodied in Mark rabbit warrens article on democratic participation (p. 679, 2002), skeleton from theexperiences from the Asian countries such as Thailand democracy through its elections has failed to address the needs of its people. This has led to the disillusionment or disenfranchisement of voters that have l ed citizens to become critical of their government.Elections in Southeast Asian countries strengthen the political participation of different levels of society by allowing greater sectoral participation as well as the existence of party-list systems that start to bridge the gap between the government and civil society itself. More importantly elections are a way for allowing a wide- stray of issues and platforms of dialogues to be tackled and addressed so as to initiate reform and change within a system that a citizen may no longer believe in. It is because of this most basic political aspect that citizens are duly empowered to create an environment that would allow them greater representation and for their issues to be heard because the electoral processes in any democratic country is an avenue for change. polite SocietyThrough the efforts of electoral processes in developing nations, civil society also plays a larger role in the development of democracies in the continent. Civil society is the representation of the people to the government they serve as the platforms of dialogues as well as the source of political lobbying and confrontation. Such as the case in Myanmar where various civil groups protested against government action levied by the military junta against Aung San Suu Kyi, in China the protestation of their freedom to express themselves freely has been an issue that had led to the pullout of some international companies that had censured their content.Besides these all too familiar modes of political confrontation, civil society also lobbies for issues that marginalize a certain group of people. They represent and voice out the concerns of societies that the government may have neglected to address. Secondly civil society also exposes and opposes those people in the establishment of their crimes. Governmental crimes that range from transplant and corruption to other irregularities in the system that seek to create inequality or those that would eudaimonia only a certain individual or group of people that would directly benefit from sucha malfeasance.Another aspect of civil society in Asia is that it is vibrant, in the sense that these groups are constantly lynx-eyed of the governments movements, procedures and every minute detail that would affect the people. One could say that the government cannot move without some group or party noticing it. Because of this reverberance there is a wider range of perspectives and opinions that the government has to address to allow equality and participation of the people and the groups that represent their interests.ConclusionPolitically speaking, the developing nations in Asia are truly developing albeit at a slow pace, however these countries face numerous problems such as the prevalence of cacique democracy, patron-client traffichips, the growing incidence of graft and corruption as well as the lack of accountability and transparency. Besides these institutional problems, Asian countries are quick to act using means that would question the legitimacy of a government (i.e. People Power revolutions both in the Philippines and Indonesia).Thirdly, political developments in an Asian country has only helped to serve the elites of society by creating laws that would greatly benefit them or help them stay in power. And lastly there is the proliferation of political dynasties and the existence of bureaucratic powers that have limited the progression of democracy and equality in the government. 2. Are the main political cuts experienced by the developing world in recent decades summed up best by increasing diversity or alternatively growing convergence? Discuss extensively (Focus Asia).In todays globalized world, political gallerys have been largely varied in different parts of the world, besides each of these trends have helped in the establishment of strong governments and a vibrant civil society. The growing political trend of todays developing world is the us e of media as a platform of dialogue and garnering a wider influence that spans not just local but international borders as well.Secondly, the sudden turn out of terrorism and the increase of regional and global security at the onset of the 21st century, has made steady grounds in the reasonion of what couldand should be done to address political upheaval brought about by the events of September 11, 2001 in the United States. Thirdly, the further strengthening of regional and international economic and political cooperation, with respects to China, Singapore and Japan as emerging economies of the 21st century and how this has affected Western influences in the continent.MediaAs mentioned earlier in my introduction, one of the prevailing political trends of the developing world is the use of mediain all its formsto further the cause of both civilian and the government. In this highly globalized world, the media is at the forefront of providing information that would either help or discredit a politician or the government. In recent years, the prevalence of media in all aspects of society was seen through the formation of websites designed for greater interaction (Web 2.0) that allows median(a) people to post, comment or critique on issues that are miles apart.During the 2008 US elections, media helped to bolster the presence of candidates running for the presidency, using new technologies that allowed ordinary peoples opinions and questions to be heard and also to evaluate these candidates based on their answers. Hence, in Zallers paper titled A Theory of Media government activity (1999)For politicians, the goal of media political relation is to use mass communication to mobilize the public support they need to win elections and to get their programs enacted while in office. For journalists, the goal of media politics is to produce stories that attract big audiences and that emphasize the Independent and Significant Voice of Journalists. For citizens, the g oal is to monitor politics and hold politicians accountable on the basis of marginal effort.Another instance of the use of media to change or forward opinion and movement was during the elections in Iran that were heavily critical of Mahmoud Ahmadinejads re-election to the presidency of Iran. His re-election served as a catalyst for media and the Internet to react and criticize whatthe public perceived as the massive fraud and failure of elections that was happening. On Myanmar, during the events that led to the arrest of an American that had trespassed foeman leaders Aung San Suu Kyis home led to a media storm that called for the violation of human rights of both the leader and the American.Thus, media as a political trend is vastly critical in denouncing governmental actions that it perceives as the limitation of political movement (freedom of speech and expression) as well the protection and advancement of issues that span borders. It is diaphanous that through the Internet an d other forms of media that political issues are now known globally, that one portion of the world can already actively participate in issues that are important to them.Security and TerrorismEven before the events of September 11, 2001 terrorism and security in the developing world, specifically the Southeast Asian region of the world, had been experiencing increasingly high levels of terrorist activities due in part to the movement of terrorist cells that had existed during the vizor of the Cold War and after the fall of Communism in 1991 led to the establishment of different Muslim terrorist groups in Central Asia then would later branch out to the different regions of Southeast Asia. According to Ambassador Alfonso T. Yuchengco in his speech titled Islamist Terrorism in Southeast Asia (2003) he mentions that the movement of these splinter groups led to the formation of the Jemaah Islamiyah terrorist cell which has been operating in different parts of Southeast Asia such as Indon esia, Pakistan and the Philippines.The terrorist group has played a large part in redefining internal security in the region due to its attacks following the events of 9-11 such as the 2002 Bali Bombings and other campaigns of terror done by the JI in Indonesia,. More importantly, Yuchengco stressed on the growing problem that this groups are privately trained and funded by Middle-Eastern groups such as the Al Qaida network. This has led to a crackdown of terrorist and militant groups as well as the pressuring of the United States of respective SEA governments to crackdown on suspected militant groups, individuals and organizations (Vaughn, B., et al, 2009).Regional and International CooperationWith the bulk of developing nations concentrated in the Asian regions as well the various emerging economies in Asia, it is seeming(a) and imperative that one of the political trends in developing nations is the bolstering of regional and international cooperation both economically and polit ically.The bolstering of these two casings of cooperation is vastly seen in the scope of Foreign Policy goals as both milieu and direct national goals. surround in the sense that these Asian nations are doing not for the self-interest of their country but rather nations pursuing them are out not to defend or increase possessions they hold to the exclusion of others, but aim instead at shaping conditions beyond their national boundaries. And secondly, direct national goals those that focus on national dependence, or national/collective security or the enhancement of trade relations and negations between two different nation-states (Wolfers, A., 1962).Regional and International cooperation has since become a trend due to the growing number of emerging and so-called Tiger Economies that have helped attract the interests of Western nations in the continent, this has helped to bring in foreign direct investments. More importantly the cooperation isnt just focused primarily on nation-sta tes economic agreements with one another but also the existence of international NGOs aimed at developing different parts of developing countries. These NGOs sole purpose is to help achieve sustainable development and provide hold and to help alleviate poverty and bridge the gap between the rich and the poor (Todaro, M., 2008).Increasing Divergence or Alternatively Growing ConvergenceFrom the effects of globalization it is evident that the through the political trends of the media, security and terrorism, and regional and international cooperation among developing and developed nation-states there is an alternatively growing convergence. Through the events following the end of the Cold War as well as numerous political upheavals in Asian and European countries that have led to countries being democratized, there is a convergence of political trends.Convergences in the sense that the factorsmentioned earlier have been able to establish significant changes in the internal political s tructures of a country, which have ultimately affected its relations with its neighboring countries. This convergence of political trends enables countries to share the same ideas and perspectives regarding key issues that would help or empower their country and other countries as well. Because of the strengthening of key issues, there are greater levels of cooperation and dialogue that helps in the advancement of consanguinitys between nation-states.3. Identify and discuss the internal (domestic) and external factors that contributed to the democratization of a developing world. After identifying, discuss the comparative importance of both factors in the process of democratization. (Focus 1 Asian country).PhilippinesThe Philippines has long been considered to be the bastion of democracy in the Asian continent, moreover it is also its oldest democratic country. In nearly a century, the Philippines has progressed democratically internally through the following aspects democratic tra nsitions after Marcos regime, the existence of constitutional reforms. On the other pass on the external factors that contributed to the democratization of the developing world are the Philippines relations with former communist countries and its relationship with the Islamic countriesInternal FactorsInternally, the Philippines contributed to the democratization of the world by showing on the dot how it transitioned democratically from an authoritarian regime to that of a democratic one. It was the events of People Power I and thereafter that showed how much progress the Philippines had made during its darkest days. The People Power revolution showed that when the government becomes a problem, as specified in some of the categories when a democratic government is no longer a democratic one when its people has lost its trust on the government, it destroys the community order and many more.Thesedistinctions helped to unify the people to action because of the belief that democracy sh ould fulfill and meet the expectations of its people. In the mise en scene of Philippine society, Marcosian rule helped to create a vibrant civil society hence Clifton Sherrill (2006 p. 224) states, the need for such groups is critical given the existing social order.Because the traditional elites dominate society, only through mass organization can the lower class establish an audible political view, in this statement it was evident that political participation by the people were severely limited. In any democratic country, civil society allows for the people to voice out their concerns, that Mark Warren (2002 p. 681) states that when the government has failed to realize the promises it had set out to fill, the citizens become critical of their government, thus the establishment is seen as incompetent, untrustworthy, and even corrupt.More importantly civil society draw their experiences from the Martial Law period has opted to stay on the streets, since civil society is composed of different groups each with varying opinions these groups have consistently played a crucial role in mobilizing civil society to defend the democratic transition and to check authoritarian tendencies on the part of political elites (Eaton, K., 2003, p. 487). Hence it can be concluded that from our experiences under Marcos rule we have managed to create a democracy that is more critical and observant of the movement of the government. It is able to discernAnother aspect of democratic transitions after Marcos rule are the constitutional reforms enacted, mainly the creation of a multi-party/party-list system and the safeguards embodied in the constitution against authoritarian tendencies. Firstly the 1987 Philippine constitution allowed and introduced provisions that were designed to widen democratic space and allow for greater participation of other sectors in Philippine society and more importantly the fount of the party-list law was to serve as the mechanism for proportional repr esentation in the different marginalized sectors of society (Teehankee, n.d. p. 180 p. 182).Through the introduction of such a provision, this allowed for greater civic participation of the people, the allowing of different marginalized groups help to put key issues of concerns such as development, rights and those that have minimal representation or who have no voice in society (i.e. theunborn). On the other hand, the framers of the constitution also included specific portions in the constitution that would limit the powers of the president and the military. Some of the basic safeguards is the often cited commandment of checks and balances but more than that, the constitution also implemented provisions such as the declaration of martial law with the concurrence of the congress, the creation of the Sandiganbayan to curtail graft and corruption within the government (De Leon, H., 2001).External FactorsExternally the Philippines has contributed to the democratization of developing c ountries by pursuing a foreign policy that is mutually beneficial to both parties. In this portion of the paper I will be discussing how the Philippines in a span of 50 years or so years has maintained diplomatic and democratic relations between Islamic countries and former Communist countries. These external relations done by the Philippines shows how democracy has helped the country establish important economic and political linkages with many of the worlds fledgling democracies and maintain cordial relations with international organizations with regards to its own internal conflicts. I begin by looking at the Philippines and its relation with the Islamic countries, then by looking at the Philippines and its relations with a communist country, particularly that of China.The Philippines and the Islamic countries relationship has long been a coloured one, it stems from the Philippines relations with other Islamic nations. A relationship that had relied heavily on global interdepende ncy in the Middle East, due to the large supply of fossil oil in the region, the need to expand the markets of the Philippines, and the growing number of OFWs in the region (Wadi, J., 1998). It was because of these key factors that the Philippines has remained strong diplomatic relations with the other Islamic countries, this type of relationship was geared towards a mutual interdependence both financially and economically. However, the Philippines had also play a significant role with regards to its special relationship with the United States.This relationship with the US as well as their influence over the Philippines foreign policy had alienated other countries, particularly Pakistan after the creation of the Israeli state in1948. It was only in 1973 during the Arab oil boycott that the Philippines embarked on an unprecedented diplomatic offensive to recognize almost twenty countries in the Islamic world in the 70s. This form of action helped to bolster the presence of the Middl e East not just in the Asian continent but also help in the growth of their presence in the Southeast Asian region. The pursuit of mutual interdependence is largely seen as an effort to democratize relations between former colonial countries as well as to establish strong cultural and economical linkages that would help the Philippines in tackling many of its internal problems, notably the conflicts in Mindanao.The second aspect is the relationship of the Philippines with other communist countries notably the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) during the 1970s when it was advocating for the implementation of the One China Policy in the UN. The relationship of the two countries are strongly linked with our earlier stiff diplomatic relations with the Republic of China (ROC) or Taiwan, during the height of the Cold War, the Philippines had maintained a decisively strong anti-communist stance and thus resolved to deal mostly with Taiwan, which at the time was the duly-recognized Chinese c ountry.Our foreign relations with the ROC (due in part to the influence of Americans) were primarily focused on maintaining a strategic military advancement within the region as well as the curtailing of the spread of communism within the region. However, much in the same way that the 1973 Arab oil boycott affected the country, under the presidency of Marcos, the country began establishing more formal diplomatic relations with the PRC. A relationship that was to help the Philippines sustain growth by accepting oil shipments from them in exchange for the PRC to import Philippine products such as coconut oil, lumber sugar, copper ore, and other metals. Hence in the years that followed, even after the fall of communism, the countrys relationship with China has been economically and culturally focused (Lim, B., 1998).Comparative ImportanceThe comparative importance of the two factors is seen in their reciprocationtowards one another. In the context of Philippine politics and society, in ternally we face numerous problems that hinder our growth and development, especially after numerous political and social upheavals that have constantly marred our progress and image towards other Asian nations. However, through the enactment of certain reforms internally, we are thereby creating a political landscape bereft of anomalies and other discrepancies that would otherwise hinder the maturation of the countrys political system.It was because of the events of Martial Law and the People Power Revolution during the early 70s and the late 80s that we have managed to transform the country into one that is highly critical of the actions of the government and yet allow it to function within the rule of the civilians as opposed to the rule of the military. More importantly, through the advancement of civic participation within the country, the Philippines is able to garner a wider perspective and opinion on the issues that it needs to tackle. By creating a strong society, the count ry is able to externally project itself as able to handle different and vital political relations that would be beneficial to the establishment of a stronger society both politically and economically.